Explain classification of computers.

Ans: Classification of computers are as:

(i) Micro Computer

(ii) Mini Computer

(iii) Mainframe Computer

The microprocessor gets its name from the fact that its main component, the microprocessor, is located on one integrated circuit component. Micro Computer fit nicely on desktop computer. Many individuals purchase microcomputers for personal use either for their jobs or for other purposes, Micros. Therefore are also known as personal computers. Very large scale integrated (VLSI) technology is used in micro computer and its become very small size and high capacity computer. Laptop computer is a kind of microcomputer.

Mini computer more properly called medium sized computer, slower and less expansive then main frames. They have no special power or environments, so they can be located conveniently through out an organizations facility. They can support a network of user terminals but not as many as mainframe can. They can store and retrieve data from the same types of input and output devices as mainframes, but they have smaller storage capacity1970 almost all minicomputers grew and a 32 bit minicomputer, which has called supermini, was introduced, The supermini has more users working simultaneously on the computer in comparison to previous minicomputers.

Mainframe make up the bulk of computer installations in large organizations at least in the sense that they do more data processing work than any other types of computers, Main frame computers often serve more than one user at a time because they are able to support large network of individuals terminal companies and government agencies, all use mainframe computers, through they often use other types as well most professional programmers work in a mainframe environmental, preparing new programs and maintaining existing ones.

2. Suggest suitable operating systems for the following activities:

• Distributed computer
• Multimedia Development
• Database Management

A distributed operating system is an operating system which is used with the computers connected together for distributed processing, Distributed process means processing distribution among many processors connected in the from of a network, In the conventional network many dump computers are connected to dedicated server and uses the resources which are attached to that server, But in case of distributed network the computers which are attached to the server, they are not dump rather they are intelligent and are capable of performance all kind of processing at their end. These systems can work as workstations when server is on and can work as desktop systems when server is off, they have more fault tolerance. This makes them more reliable as they can work properly even is some hardware malfunction client server architecture is an example of distributed among the clients and server. Clients are the intelligent system.

One famous distributed operating system is Windows NT and another is an advanced version of Windows NT windows 2000 advanced server.

The main programming features of windows NT was its modular design, This Modularity made windows BT an extensible, secure operating system which could run on a wide range of processor including both CISC and RISC processors. All services of Windows NT was broken into different modules such as

• Object manager
• Process manager
• Virtual memory manager
• Local procedure call
• Input/output manager
• Security reference manager

Windows NT is especially suitable for distributed processing and supports clients’ server architecture. Windows NT is similarly convenient as it is convenient is Win95-98. It is enriched with sophisticated GUI tools.

Now for multimedia development, the operating system used in MAC, MAC OS is a versatile, powerful interface. It has been pioneer is multimedia application. It has enriched with many adorable features such as automatic checks the hard disk, driver and install all the recommended software. Another feature is Sherlock, which is file finding utility, It has ability to access Internet search engines.

Windows is an upgraded version of windows. It is suitable for both multimedia development and database management, Due to its important features it is compatible to work with both multimedia as Data base Management.

Multimedia is a computer system that has the capacity to integrate two or more type of media (text, graphics, image, audio and video) for the purpose of generation, storage representation manipulation and access of multimedia information.

Database Management is an approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to facilitate the users in organizing, creating, deleting. Updating their data in a database.

Windows is an operating system, which support multimedia development and management of data in database.

Features of this operating system are.

(a) Easier to use

(b) More reliable

(c) Faster

(d) More Entertaining

With the refinement and new cosmetic look of user interface, navigating operating are smooth.

It regularly test the hard disk, systems fills and configure information, In many case it automatically fixes the problem.

The application loading is faster in it.

It support DVD and digital audio.

It is capable of delivering high quality digital videos and audios to PC monitor.

3.Explain the differences between followings:

(i) Cache Memory and Register

(ii) Bus topology and Star topology

(iii) Application software’s and system software’s

These are small and fast memories placed between the processors and main memory, though cache memory is very fast but being very expensive. It is used in small sized measurable in kilobytes such as 64 KB, 128 KB, 256 KB etc. These are used normally with PCs, which can have 32 to 128 MB of RAMs and even more. It works on the principle according to which it is said, whenever some locations is accessed then chances of accessing its nearly position in near future are high, Cache containing the copy of certain portions of main memory, whenever some memory read/ write operations is to be performed then first of all cache is checked for the desired data. If the desired data is present in cache then it is used directly by the CPU. If the desired is not present then a block of words is ready from main memory in to the cache. Cache is very small in size for the incoming block it is necessary that sufficient size slot if vacant in cache.

There is a movement of information between the various units of the computer systems. In order to handle this process satisfactory and to speed up the rate of information transfer the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers, These registers are used to hold information on a temporary basis and are part of the CPU (not main memory).

The length of a register equals the no. of bits it can store. Hence, a register that can store 8 bits is normally referred to as an 8 bit. Register. The size of the resisters sometimes called the word size. The bigger word size, the faster the computer can process a set of data.

A bus topology is shown in figure given below. All stations are connected to a single communication line. This single communication line is referred to as bus information frames originating at station are propagated away from the station in both directions on the bus. Each station on the bus interrogates the information frames destination address field for its own address, if the destination field does not match the station address, the station discards the information frame back on to the bus, if the destination address matches frame and process the frame.

A star topology is shown in figure below, in this topology a number of station as control communication on the connected directly to a central station or control station of a star topology can be bi-directional and are point to point. A station on this type of network passes an information frame to the central controlling which are forwars the information to the destination station. The central controller manages and controls all communications between stations are network.

Failure of a station on a star network is easy to detect and can be removed from the network. However failure of the central controller will disable communication through the whole network.

Application software is written to enable the computer to solve a specific data processing task. A number of powerful application software packages, which doesn’t require significant programming knowledge, have been developed, these are easy to learn and use as compared to the programming knowledge. Although these packages can perform many general and special functions, they are applications where these packages are not found adequate. In such cases, application programs is written to meet be written using important categories of software packages available are:

• Database Management software
• Spreadsheet software
• Word processing desktop publishing and presentation software, graphics software
• Data communication software
• Statistical and operational research software.

System software is generally supplied by the hardware manufacture. These are the software, which contribute to the control in performance of a computer system. The help in controlling the various functions of a computer like unloading of any software in main memory, storing new files, creating the files and so on. So these types of software are given a common name called system software. System software includes a variety of programs control monitors, assemblers’ translators, compilers, service and utility programs. All these software support and control the operation of any computer system.

Different categories of system software are:

(a) Operating systems and control programmers.

(b) Translator

(c) Applications Generator

(d) Utilities or service program.

1. What do u understand by the term feudalism ? Do you think the western Europe model of feudalism is applicable to India ?

Before the rise of national states in Western Europe, the people lived under a system called feudalism. This was a social system of rights and obligations based on land ownership patterns.

Each small district was ruled by a duke, count, or other noble. The noble's power was based on the land he held in feud. This peculiar system of landholding determined the pattern of government. It also gave rise to fortified castles, knights in armor, and chivalry. The term “feudalism” therefore describes an entire way of life.

The system of feudalism was established gradually, between the 8th and 11th centuries. France was the land of its earliest and most complete development, but in some form or other it was found in all the countries of Western Europe. It flourished especially from the 11th to the end of the 13th century. There are survivals of feudalism in the laws and social usages of modern European countries.
No,it is highly improbable that European feudalism is applicable in India.
Feudalism had begun as a contract, the exchange of land tenure for military service. Over time, as lords could no longer provide new lands to their vassals, nor enforce their right to reassign lands which had become de facto hereditary property, feudalism became less tenable as a working relationship. By the thirteenth century, Europe's economy was involved in a transformation from a mostly agrarian system to one that was increasingly money-based and mixed. The Hundred Year's War instigated this gradual transformation as soldier's pay became amounts of gold instead of land. Therefore, it was much easier for a monarch to pay low-class citizens in mineral wealth, and many more were recruited and trained, putting more gold into circulation, thus undermining the land-based feudalism. Land ownership was still an important source of income, and still defined social status, but even wealthy nobles wanted more liquid assets, whether for luxury goods or to provide for wars. This corruption of the form is often referred to as "bastard feudalism". A noble vassal was expected to deal with most local issues and could not always expect help from a distant king. The nobles were independent and often unwilling to cooperate for a greater cause (military service). By the end of the Middle Ages, the kings were seeking a way to become independent of willful nobles, especially for military support. The kings first hired mercenaries and later created standing national armies.

The Black Death of the fourteenth century devasted Europe's population but also destabilised the economic basis of society. For instance, in England, the villains were much more likely to leave the manorial territory - seeking better paid work in towns struck by a labour shortage, while the crown responded to the economic crisis by imposing a poll tax. The resulting social crisis manifested itself in the peasants' revolt.

Historian J. J. Bagley notes that the fourteenth century

"marked the end of the true feudal age and began paving the way for strong monarchies, nation states, and national wars of the sixteenth century. Much fourteenth century feudalism had become artificial and self-conscious. Already men were finding it a little curious. It was acquiring an antiquarian interest and losing its usefulness. It was ceasing to belong to the real world of practical living."

2 Describe the main threats to the eco-system?

Man is the most important part of eco-system as well as the destroyed of eco-system. Various activities of man has resulted in the destruction of eco-system. The major threats to our eco-system are as follows-

The destruction of tropical rain-forests.

Establishment of petro-chemical industries with their production of poisonous gases, chemicals and other toxic substances.

Generation of nuclear power and excessive militarism. The long term solution of these dangers is to look for self-sustaining life supports systems.

Due to these threats to the eco-system, the ecological crisis may take place. The ecologic crisis refers to the disruption in the natural balance between living organisms and their surrounding by the activities of man. Man has acted as an interventionist and disrupted the natural balance between the living organisms and their physical surrounding. This has resulted in several crises.

If the economic crises takes place then first there is danger from harmful poisnous chemicals and pesticides. The rapid growth of industries may lead to increasing accumulation of carbon-decide in the atmosphere which may lead to the global warming.

Environment degradation and environmental adulteration would take place in very high manner.

3. what is meant by ‘Market Faluire’ ? Briefly discuss the major weaknesses of the free market economy ?

Market Failure is a situation when industries get closed, Already produced goods is stored, the demand of the commodities almost decreased, share markets are also closed, the problem of unemployment increased in the country and the economy became totally disturbed. In 1929 that type of marked failure had taken place.

FREE MARKET: This is the type of market in which commodities are sold are purchased without the intervention of the government. It mean that if buyers and sellers are free to purchase or sales commodities at their terms. They are free to production any amount of the product and at any price.

There is no interference of Govt. in free market so the problem of black marketing takes place. Capital class exploit the weaker section so the capital class rich day per day and the poor class weak day per day, purchasing power of customer reduced day by day because of higher prices. Produced run the market as per their desire for earning maximum profit. The business of money lords grow and the economy becomes weak day by day. Corruption less supply of product in the market, maximum profit, monopoly are the main weakness of the free market economy.

4. Describe the role of intellectuals up to the end of the 19th century India.

If the prime mover of the 19^th century social revolutions in England and some other Western Countries was technology. In India as in some other underdeveloped countries, it was education. A small number of intellectuals-administrators, educators, writers, religious reformers and other opinion makers- bore the major responsibility for a great social transformation. The close of the century ended this era of elite revolutions in India. The first World War ushered in the era of populism with Gandhi as its high priest.

But the social forces that ended this era and culminated in the religious violence and political partitioning of the country into two independent states in 1947 had been generated by the end of the 1890’s. Till the middle of the 1850’s the East India Company, the Christian missionaries, and segments of the Indian elite—especially the Hindu middle classes—cooperated with each other in creating a humane and liberal society. By the 1870’s this triple alliance had given way to a triangular conflict. The Muslims who till this time had remained aloof or passively hostile to the british and the missionaries now turned to active cooperation with the British and opposition to the incipient forces of secular nationalism and neo-Hinduism. The Indian and British liberals and the missionaries began to fade from the political scene. British imperialism, militant nationalism and Hinduism, and Muslims revivalism joined the battle that lasted some six decades, An important thread interwoven in the story of this fateful historical transition is that of western education.

5. Why do we require an independent judiciary in a federal setup ?

We require an independent judiciary to both resolve conflicts between states and the federal government, and to determine whether the government has exceeded its authority on a particular issue. The judiciary needs to be independent to ensure that it will not be self-interested in the outcome of the case (though this is arguably a fiction--everyone is self-interested).