Explain classification of computers.

Ans: Classification of computers are as:

(i) Micro Computer

(ii) Mini Computer

(iii) Mainframe Computer

The microprocessor gets its name from the fact that its main component, the microprocessor, is located on one integrated circuit component. Micro Computer fit nicely on desktop computer. Many individuals purchase microcomputers for personal use either for their jobs or for other purposes, Micros. Therefore are also known as personal computers. Very large scale integrated (VLSI) technology is used in micro computer and its become very small size and high capacity computer. Laptop computer is a kind of microcomputer.

Mini computer more properly called medium sized computer, slower and less expansive then main frames. They have no special power or environments, so they can be located conveniently through out an organizations facility. They can support a network of user terminals but not as many as mainframe can. They can store and retrieve data from the same types of input and output devices as mainframes, but they have smaller storage capacity1970 almost all minicomputers grew and a 32 bit minicomputer, which has called supermini, was introduced, The supermini has more users working simultaneously on the computer in comparison to previous minicomputers.

Mainframe make up the bulk of computer installations in large organizations at least in the sense that they do more data processing work than any other types of computers, Main frame computers often serve more than one user at a time because they are able to support large network of individuals terminal companies and government agencies, all use mainframe computers, through they often use other types as well most professional programmers work in a mainframe environmental, preparing new programs and maintaining existing ones.

2. Suggest suitable operating systems for the following activities:

• Distributed computer
• Multimedia Development
• Database Management

A distributed operating system is an operating system which is used with the computers connected together for distributed processing, Distributed process means processing distribution among many processors connected in the from of a network, In the conventional network many dump computers are connected to dedicated server and uses the resources which are attached to that server, But in case of distributed network the computers which are attached to the server, they are not dump rather they are intelligent and are capable of performance all kind of processing at their end. These systems can work as workstations when server is on and can work as desktop systems when server is off, they have more fault tolerance. This makes them more reliable as they can work properly even is some hardware malfunction client server architecture is an example of distributed among the clients and server. Clients are the intelligent system.

One famous distributed operating system is Windows NT and another is an advanced version of Windows NT windows 2000 advanced server.

The main programming features of windows NT was its modular design, This Modularity made windows BT an extensible, secure operating system which could run on a wide range of processor including both CISC and RISC processors. All services of Windows NT was broken into different modules such as

• Object manager
• Process manager
• Virtual memory manager
• Local procedure call
• Input/output manager
• Security reference manager

Windows NT is especially suitable for distributed processing and supports clients’ server architecture. Windows NT is similarly convenient as it is convenient is Win95-98. It is enriched with sophisticated GUI tools.

Now for multimedia development, the operating system used in MAC, MAC OS is a versatile, powerful interface. It has been pioneer is multimedia application. It has enriched with many adorable features such as automatic checks the hard disk, driver and install all the recommended software. Another feature is Sherlock, which is file finding utility, It has ability to access Internet search engines.

Windows is an upgraded version of windows. It is suitable for both multimedia development and database management, Due to its important features it is compatible to work with both multimedia as Data base Management.

Multimedia is a computer system that has the capacity to integrate two or more type of media (text, graphics, image, audio and video) for the purpose of generation, storage representation manipulation and access of multimedia information.

Database Management is an approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to facilitate the users in organizing, creating, deleting. Updating their data in a database.

Windows is an operating system, which support multimedia development and management of data in database.

Features of this operating system are.

(a) Easier to use

(b) More reliable

(c) Faster

(d) More Entertaining

With the refinement and new cosmetic look of user interface, navigating operating are smooth.

It regularly test the hard disk, systems fills and configure information, In many case it automatically fixes the problem.

The application loading is faster in it.

It support DVD and digital audio.

It is capable of delivering high quality digital videos and audios to PC monitor.

3.Explain the differences between followings:

(i) Cache Memory and Register

(ii) Bus topology and Star topology

(iii) Application software’s and system software’s

These are small and fast memories placed between the processors and main memory, though cache memory is very fast but being very expensive. It is used in small sized measurable in kilobytes such as 64 KB, 128 KB, 256 KB etc. These are used normally with PCs, which can have 32 to 128 MB of RAMs and even more. It works on the principle according to which it is said, whenever some locations is accessed then chances of accessing its nearly position in near future are high, Cache containing the copy of certain portions of main memory, whenever some memory read/ write operations is to be performed then first of all cache is checked for the desired data. If the desired data is present in cache then it is used directly by the CPU. If the desired is not present then a block of words is ready from main memory in to the cache. Cache is very small in size for the incoming block it is necessary that sufficient size slot if vacant in cache.

There is a movement of information between the various units of the computer systems. In order to handle this process satisfactory and to speed up the rate of information transfer the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers, These registers are used to hold information on a temporary basis and are part of the CPU (not main memory).

The length of a register equals the no. of bits it can store. Hence, a register that can store 8 bits is normally referred to as an 8 bit. Register. The size of the resisters sometimes called the word size. The bigger word size, the faster the computer can process a set of data.

A bus topology is shown in figure given below. All stations are connected to a single communication line. This single communication line is referred to as bus information frames originating at station are propagated away from the station in both directions on the bus. Each station on the bus interrogates the information frames destination address field for its own address, if the destination field does not match the station address, the station discards the information frame back on to the bus, if the destination address matches frame and process the frame.

A star topology is shown in figure below, in this topology a number of station as control communication on the connected directly to a central station or control station of a star topology can be bi-directional and are point to point. A station on this type of network passes an information frame to the central controlling which are forwars the information to the destination station. The central controller manages and controls all communications between stations are network.

Failure of a station on a star network is easy to detect and can be removed from the network. However failure of the central controller will disable communication through the whole network.

Application software is written to enable the computer to solve a specific data processing task. A number of powerful application software packages, which doesn’t require significant programming knowledge, have been developed, these are easy to learn and use as compared to the programming knowledge. Although these packages can perform many general and special functions, they are applications where these packages are not found adequate. In such cases, application programs is written to meet be written using important categories of software packages available are:

• Database Management software
• Spreadsheet software
• Word processing desktop publishing and presentation software, graphics software
• Data communication software
• Statistical and operational research software.

System software is generally supplied by the hardware manufacture. These are the software, which contribute to the control in performance of a computer system. The help in controlling the various functions of a computer like unloading of any software in main memory, storing new files, creating the files and so on. So these types of software are given a common name called system software. System software includes a variety of programs control monitors, assemblers’ translators, compilers, service and utility programs. All these software support and control the operation of any computer system.

Different categories of system software are:

(a) Operating systems and control programmers.

(b) Translator

(c) Applications Generator

(d) Utilities or service program.

1. What do u understand by the term feudalism ? Do you think the western Europe model of feudalism is applicable to India ?

Before the rise of national states in Western Europe, the people lived under a system called feudalism. This was a social system of rights and obligations based on land ownership patterns.

Each small district was ruled by a duke, count, or other noble. The noble's power was based on the land he held in feud. This peculiar system of landholding determined the pattern of government. It also gave rise to fortified castles, knights in armor, and chivalry. The term “feudalism” therefore describes an entire way of life.

The system of feudalism was established gradually, between the 8th and 11th centuries. France was the land of its earliest and most complete development, but in some form or other it was found in all the countries of Western Europe. It flourished especially from the 11th to the end of the 13th century. There are survivals of feudalism in the laws and social usages of modern European countries.
No,it is highly improbable that European feudalism is applicable in India.
Feudalism had begun as a contract, the exchange of land tenure for military service. Over time, as lords could no longer provide new lands to their vassals, nor enforce their right to reassign lands which had become de facto hereditary property, feudalism became less tenable as a working relationship. By the thirteenth century, Europe's economy was involved in a transformation from a mostly agrarian system to one that was increasingly money-based and mixed. The Hundred Year's War instigated this gradual transformation as soldier's pay became amounts of gold instead of land. Therefore, it was much easier for a monarch to pay low-class citizens in mineral wealth, and many more were recruited and trained, putting more gold into circulation, thus undermining the land-based feudalism. Land ownership was still an important source of income, and still defined social status, but even wealthy nobles wanted more liquid assets, whether for luxury goods or to provide for wars. This corruption of the form is often referred to as "bastard feudalism". A noble vassal was expected to deal with most local issues and could not always expect help from a distant king. The nobles were independent and often unwilling to cooperate for a greater cause (military service). By the end of the Middle Ages, the kings were seeking a way to become independent of willful nobles, especially for military support. The kings first hired mercenaries and later created standing national armies.

The Black Death of the fourteenth century devasted Europe's population but also destabilised the economic basis of society. For instance, in England, the villains were much more likely to leave the manorial territory - seeking better paid work in towns struck by a labour shortage, while the crown responded to the economic crisis by imposing a poll tax. The resulting social crisis manifested itself in the peasants' revolt.

Historian J. J. Bagley notes that the fourteenth century

"marked the end of the true feudal age and began paving the way for strong monarchies, nation states, and national wars of the sixteenth century. Much fourteenth century feudalism had become artificial and self-conscious. Already men were finding it a little curious. It was acquiring an antiquarian interest and losing its usefulness. It was ceasing to belong to the real world of practical living."

2 Describe the main threats to the eco-system?

Man is the most important part of eco-system as well as the destroyed of eco-system. Various activities of man has resulted in the destruction of eco-system. The major threats to our eco-system are as follows-

The destruction of tropical rain-forests.

Establishment of petro-chemical industries with their production of poisonous gases, chemicals and other toxic substances.

Generation of nuclear power and excessive militarism. The long term solution of these dangers is to look for self-sustaining life supports systems.

Due to these threats to the eco-system, the ecological crisis may take place. The ecologic crisis refers to the disruption in the natural balance between living organisms and their surrounding by the activities of man. Man has acted as an interventionist and disrupted the natural balance between the living organisms and their physical surrounding. This has resulted in several crises.

If the economic crises takes place then first there is danger from harmful poisnous chemicals and pesticides. The rapid growth of industries may lead to increasing accumulation of carbon-decide in the atmosphere which may lead to the global warming.

Environment degradation and environmental adulteration would take place in very high manner.

3. what is meant by ‘Market Faluire’ ? Briefly discuss the major weaknesses of the free market economy ?

Market Failure is a situation when industries get closed, Already produced goods is stored, the demand of the commodities almost decreased, share markets are also closed, the problem of unemployment increased in the country and the economy became totally disturbed. In 1929 that type of marked failure had taken place.

FREE MARKET: This is the type of market in which commodities are sold are purchased without the intervention of the government. It mean that if buyers and sellers are free to purchase or sales commodities at their terms. They are free to production any amount of the product and at any price.

There is no interference of Govt. in free market so the problem of black marketing takes place. Capital class exploit the weaker section so the capital class rich day per day and the poor class weak day per day, purchasing power of customer reduced day by day because of higher prices. Produced run the market as per their desire for earning maximum profit. The business of money lords grow and the economy becomes weak day by day. Corruption less supply of product in the market, maximum profit, monopoly are the main weakness of the free market economy.

4. Describe the role of intellectuals up to the end of the 19th century India.

If the prime mover of the 19^th century social revolutions in England and some other Western Countries was technology. In India as in some other underdeveloped countries, it was education. A small number of intellectuals-administrators, educators, writers, religious reformers and other opinion makers- bore the major responsibility for a great social transformation. The close of the century ended this era of elite revolutions in India. The first World War ushered in the era of populism with Gandhi as its high priest.

But the social forces that ended this era and culminated in the religious violence and political partitioning of the country into two independent states in 1947 had been generated by the end of the 1890’s. Till the middle of the 1850’s the East India Company, the Christian missionaries, and segments of the Indian elite—especially the Hindu middle classes—cooperated with each other in creating a humane and liberal society. By the 1870’s this triple alliance had given way to a triangular conflict. The Muslims who till this time had remained aloof or passively hostile to the british and the missionaries now turned to active cooperation with the British and opposition to the incipient forces of secular nationalism and neo-Hinduism. The Indian and British liberals and the missionaries began to fade from the political scene. British imperialism, militant nationalism and Hinduism, and Muslims revivalism joined the battle that lasted some six decades, An important thread interwoven in the story of this fateful historical transition is that of western education.

5. Why do we require an independent judiciary in a federal setup ?

We require an independent judiciary to both resolve conflicts between states and the federal government, and to determine whether the government has exceeded its authority on a particular issue. The judiciary needs to be independent to ensure that it will not be self-interested in the outcome of the case (though this is arguably a fiction--everyone is self-interested).

6. Discuss the process of urbanization ?

URBANISATOIN

During the Bronze Age, an urban revolution also took place. Sumer and Akkad were two great urban filiations of this age. Towns became centres of a number of activities. Here temples were constructed with the labour of hundreds of workers who had to be supervised and directed. To do this an architectural plan had to be draw in advance. These cut lines were laid out with the aid of strings. In India not surprisingly therefore, the ancient knowledge of architecture was called the Sulve (String) Sutra. The impressive temples thus constructed also needed to be administered. Records of receipts and expenditure had to be kept. The spurred the intention of script writing around 2000 B.C. As worship was so highly institutionalized here it was natural that a specialized class of priests should also emerge. These priests were the first carries of the literary tradition and, hence quite predictably, literate records generally portray the perspective of the priestly class.

The disparity between the rich and the poor grew at an alarming rate from this time on. Extortions, maltreatment, slavery, and all kinds of exploitation were practiced by the rich upon the poor. This was made possible because of the technical sophistication that the human beings acquired in the Bronze age. This sophistication brought about surplus in food production giving rise to satisfaction and forming of social hierarchy.

The urban revolution also brought also brought about a stupendous increase in knowledge. Geometry, arithmetic, astronomic medicine and theology developed at an impressive pace. Egyptian science approximation the sign much more accurately, than before the solar, calendar was developed in the Nile Valley. Mohenjodaro and Harappa which were urban civilization of a later Bronze Age also shared the characteristic s of this revolution and knowledge wit the other Bronze Age civilization.

Along with the production of surplus food, superior tools and the growth of a learned class, one also finds the increasing institution alization and reutilization of the religious systems.

7. Write short notes no these:

Sanskritisation

Fundamental Rights

Ans: (i) Sanskritization: Sanskrit is the mother language of almost all Indian languages and also some out of the India languages like Bhosda of Indonesia.

Sanskrit is the oldest language in the world and also richest in classic literature. However, it was neglected in the last 1000 year of alien rule.

The process of sanskritisation means giving again the status of eminence to Sanskrit as it had always enjoyed. The students are now encouraged to take Sanskrit as a subject from early days. In every state, a Sanskrit Academy has been set up special Sanskrit universities, like lal Bahadur Shastri Sanskrit University have been set up. Government has sponsored correspondence courses for Sanskrit learning. Also, there are regular news broadcasting radio and telecasts on T.V some times also have been produced in Sanskrit.

Thus, sanskritization is in the process in education, radio, TV films, science, technology government offices etc actively supported by the government.

(ii) Fundamental Rights: (i) Fundamental right are those right which require by an individual to become what he/she want to become in his/her right. It is given in chapter III from At. 12 to 35. At 17, 24 are absolute one. There are six groups of fundamental rights

Right to equality.

Right to particular freedom

Right against exploitation

Right to freedom of religion.

Cultural and Educational rights.

Right to constitutional rewards.

According to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar fundamental right given under At 32 is soul of the constitution because without it no fundamental right had any meaning. It given the fundamental right to file, ie. It become various freedom like freedom of speech, to assemble peacefully without arms, to settle residue any where in India is given under At 19 But t 21 which talk about right to life is most significant one.

Q1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below :

Death of the Dinosaurs

65 million years ago, dinosaurs suddenly became extinct, together with a large number of other species. But why did it happen?

Many scientists believe that the cause was a large asteroid crashing into the Earth, According to this theory, the asteroid threw huge amounts of dust and water vapour into the atmosphere, blocking out the light of the sun, the vegetation died off, and the dinosaurs starved to death.

Evidence for the theory came in 1992 when scientists inMexico uncovered an underground crater 175 kilometers wide which turned out to be exactly 65 years old. The crater was probably caused by an asteroid 10 km in diameter hitting the Earth at thousands of miles an hour, with the force of 70 million one megaton bombs.

According to David Raup of the University of Chicago, this was just one of many such cases. He says that asteroids have caused more than half of species extinctions since life of Earth began 600 million years ago. If he is right, it seems likely that Homo sapiens will end its days in the same way.

NASA to the Rescue

As we can’t predict when a really big asteroid will arrive, is there really any point in worrying about it ? NASA thinks there is, It Estimates that there are between 1,000 and 4,000 asteroids at least 1 kilometer in diameter which regularly cross Earth’s orbit, if such an asteroid hits the Earth once every 300,000 years, this gives the average person roughly a one in 4000 chance of being around when it happens, A small risk, may be, but much bigger than the risk of dying in an air crash, which is one is 20,000.

NASA aims to set up new telescope and spend the next 25 years working out which large asteroids are likely to arrive within the next century or two. The idea is that once they’ve identified an asteroid heading straight for us, they can move it out of the way by hitting it with powerful nuclear bombs.

1. Why did the dinosaurs starve to death ?

A large asteroid crashed into the earth, and threw huge amount of dust and water vapour into the atmosphere blocking out the light of the sun, the vegetation died off, and the dinosaur starved to death.

2. What is the evidence given by scientists to support that an asteroid caused mass extinction of plant and animal life ?

The evidence for the asteroid caused mass extinction of plant and animal life, came in 1992 when scientist in Mexico uncovered an under ground crater 175 km wide, which turned out to be exactly 65 millions years old. The crater was probably caused by an asteroid 10 km in diameter hitting the earth at thousands of miles an hour, with the force of 70 million one megaton bomb.

3. What does the authore say will be the fate of human beings ? Why

NASA estimates that there are between 1,000 and 4,000 asteroids at least 1 kilometer in diameter which regularly cross Earth’s orbit, if such an asteroid hits the Earth once every 300,000 years, this gives the average person roughly a one in 4000 chance of being around when it happens, A small risk, may be, but much bigger than the risk of dying in an air crash, which is one is 20,000. If this happens in future clearly it would be a fate of human beings.

4. NASA thinks that we should be concerned about being hit by an asteroid. Why?

NASA thinks that we should be concerned about being hit by an asteroid, bcos once they’ve identified an asteroid heading straight for us, they can move it out of the way by hitting it with powerful nuclear bombs.

5. What technology do you think would be used to prevent an asteroid from hitting the earth ?

The path of the asteroid would be changed by hitting it by nuclear bombs to prevent it from hitting the Earth.

Q2: Rewrite these passive sentences in the active form. Begin with the word (s) given.

1. The first fax machines were installed in 1988.
The Firm installed the first fax machines in 1988.

2. Further modifications will be made to this service to other customers.
The suppliers will make further modification to this service to other customers.

3. The systems can easily be operated by ordinary office staff.

Ordinary office staff can easily operate the systems.

4. The new software can be mastered easily in a couple of days.
You can easily master the new software in a couple of days.

5. Increased productivity has been achieved by using better trained staff.
Using better trained staff we have achieved increased productivity.

6. The invoices are now sent out a week earlier.
The department sends the invoices out a week earlier.

7. Better results can only be achieved if you work harder.
You can achieve better results, only if you work harder.

8. The new note-taking method will be introduced in our office.
We will introduce the new note-taking methode in our office.

9. You should be warned about the dangers of not co-operating with the personnel manager.
I should warn you about the dangers of not co-operating with the Personnel manager.

10. All relevant information about the meeting will be supplied in advance.

The organizers will supply all relevant information about the meeting in advance.

Q1. Carefully read the text given below which cantinas about 400 words. Then using your own words as far as possible, summarize it in not more than 12

The new age banking driven by technology and smarter banks is changing the way Indians manage their money. For millions of users all over this vast country automated teller machines ( ATMs) are proving to be a boon. The underlying message is ‘empowerment of customers ‘ who increasingly see ATM cards as a must have tool. Nothing illustrates this better than Karnataka Bank’s stratedy of branding its ATM as a “ Money Plant”.

For generations of Indians, used to stuffy old branches and union dominated service at banks, reforms in the way banks conduct their business, seems like an upheaval. The younger generation takes this change for granted. The focus now is to provide ‘ easy banking’ at lower costs and right next to the consumers’ home or workplace. Initially, foreign banks and private Indian banks pushed the ATM edge, Now, public sector and co-operative banks have also cought onand are aggressively rolling out nation-wide ATM networks.

Significantly, the revolution is not just a big city feature. It is getting broad-based into smaller cities, towns and rural areas. Punjab National Bank Chairman and Managing Director S. S. Kohli says that ATMs are the manifestation of next generation banking, “ It not only helps in reducing the work load on traditional branches and operational costs. But also makes banking more accessible for customers.”

Propelling the growth of ATMs are two factors: convenience for customer and better branding for the bank with added benefit of lower cost of service. In terms of the cost per ATM, a full-fledged state-of-art machine that has multiple features and the surrounding infrastructure cost around Rs 10 lakh. Lower end ATMs that do not support features like online change of passwords cost around Rs 6 lakh to install. This money is easily recovered. As a leading banker puts it, it only needs 150 transactions per day over a spread of three years to recover the investment. In places, where the transactions are more –200 to 250 per day- most banks end up installing a second machine at a slightly lesser cost ( some of the communication infrastructure is then shared). There is a significant cost benefit for the banks as ATMs play a significant role in driving down the transaction

costs.

2. Write a composition in about 300 words on one of the topics given below:

Computers as a source of entertainment as well as amusment

The sources of entertainment has evolved down the ages. But human beings search for entertainment and things that could amuse him or her has been existing since time immemorial. One of the latest form of entertainment for the present civilization is computers. With inbuilt and loaded computer games, availability of softwares which allow you to paint, listen to music, watch videos, movies and also allow you to create music or videos or movies; computer has really become a major source of entertainment for the people who are computer savvy or at least computer literate. Other than this, the obvious source of entertainment on computers is the internet which not just connects you to the rest of the world but also allows you to find your amusement right at home. Chat rooms allow us to connect with like minded people and discuss with them about our favourite topics. Messengers also allow us to connect to your friends across the world and talk to them. Websites which carry news and other matters related to entertainment become a major source. Online games allow us to play with other people who have access to that game in a virtual world, while we are all seated in our own room in front of our PCs. Innumerable examples of internet as an entertainment source can be quoted. Now with Microsoft and Google promising to built the complete virtual structures of any city in the world on the internet, people would not have to travel to those people on holidays in order to explore and enjoy the city. They just have to log on to the Google World or the Microsoft site and explore the city online where they can walk down the streets enter buildings and even make purchase while they are gossiping about the prices with the other customers in the shops. Now can there be any doubt that computers are a main source of entertainment and amusement in this generation?